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gramming tools that always perform the same operations, no matter what features are supported by the physical data provider. Consider an SQL data source such as a DBMS. SQL Server, Oracle, and DB2 do the same job, but they work in radically different ways. Normalizing their internal and optimized set of features to the abstract functionality exposed by a suite of universal interfaces results in a loss of performance. It also imposes programming overhead because an extra, more abstract layer of code must be used. ADO provides this common programming interface for a variety of DBMSs. ADO.NET comes at things from a different angle. It takes into account the particularity of each DBMS and provides a programming model tailor-made for each one. All .NET data providers share a limited set of common features, but each has unique capabilities. The communication between the user code and the DBMS takes place more directly using ADO.NET. This model works better and faster and is probably clearer to the majority of programmers. But ADO.NET has one snag. Developers must know in advance the data source they re going to access. Generic programming that is, programming in which the same code targets different data sources at different times is hard (but not impossible) to do. You can create a generic command object and a generic data reader, but not a generic data adapter and certainly not a generic connection. However, through the IDbConnection interface, you can work with a connection object without knowing the underlying data source. But you can never create a connection object in a weakly typed manner that is, without the help of the new operator.

A redesigned backup software is new to Windows Server 2008. NTbackup is defunct and only installed in a read-only manner to allow for restorations from old media. And new to the server backup is a block-level backup. If you have done a backup in Windows Vista, you have seen this in action. The native Windows 2008 backup does not provide encryption and thus the long-term and off-site storage needs of media need to be reviewed and addressed.

Distributed system components At the highest level, a distributed system consists of four types of components, as depicted in figure 1.1.

ADO.NET 2.0 modifies the provider architecture and introduces the factory class. Each .NET data provider encompasses a factory class derived from the base class DbProviderFactory. A factory class represents a common entry point for a variety of services specific to the provider. Table 5-1 lists the main methods of a factory class.

Part III:

Always have a restore methodology in place (and preferably tested and documented) when recovering a multi-role server. For Windows Server Code Name Cougar and Windows Essential Business Server, external USB and FireWire devices will be supported and a backup Setup Wizard is included. As shown in Figure 15-9, you will need to install this backup feature for Windows Server 2008. The middle of a disaster is not the time for you to be determining the disaster recovery and business continuity process for the organization.

Description Returns a provider-specific command object Returns a provider-specific command builder object Returns a provider-specific connection object Returns a provider a provider-specific data adapter object Returns a provider a provider-specific parameter object

Platforms Platforms are the individual computing environments in which programs execute. These can be heterogeneous hardware components, operating systems, and device drivers that system architects and developers must integrate into a seamless system. Processes Processes are independent software components that collaborate with one another over channels. The terms client, server, peer, and service are often substituted for the term process, and each has a more specific meaning, as we discuss later in this section. Process can mean different things depending on the granularity with which one uses it. A process can represent an individual software object with a remote interface, a client or server that implements a particular protocol, some proprietary business application, or many other things. Communication channels Communication channels are pipelines between processes that enable them to interact. The term usually refers to the computer network(s) that logically connect processes and physically connect platforms. Communication channels have both physical and logical aspects that are accounted for in any distributed system design. Messages Messages are the data sent from one process to another over a communication channel. How these data flow between processes in a